The Unions Duty Of Fair Representation - 876 Words

The unions duty of fair representation as stated in (FLRA, 2016)is the obligation set forth in the second sentence of section 7114(a)(1) of the Statute is commonly referred to as an exclusive representative s duty of fair representation. The Authority has interpreted this section to require an exclusive representative to represent the interests of all bargaining unit employees: 1) without discrimination; and 2) without regard to whether the employee is a dues paying member of the exclusive representative. The duty of fair representation is grounded in the principle that when a union attains the status of exclusive representative, it must use that power to fairly and equally represent all members of the unit. The union has met its obligation of fair representation when it has represented the employee fairly, in good faith, and without discrimination. In my opinion the union in the case cited did not meet its fair representation obligation due to not representing Green in good faith or without discrimination possibly on the grounds she is a non-dues paying employee. Therefore, her rights under the LMRA have been violated due to unfair labor practices. To reinforce my statement under the NLRB (NLRB, 2016) a union which represents you cannot refuse to process a grievance because you have criticized union officials or because you are not a member of the union. In the case cited Green was under the assumption when meeting with the Union Grievance committee she was participatingShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Theory Of Utility969 Words   |  4 PagesUnion buster Marty Leavitt does not operate under the concept of ethics of utility. The ethics of utility, also known as utilitarianism, focuses on maximizing net social welfare by creating the greatest good for the greatest number (of people). This concept differs greatly from the goals the union buster’s set out to achieve. The moral theory of Utilitarianisms, also known as free market, is the belief that maximizin g aggregate welfare, in which the greatest benefits are produced with the lowestRead MoreBell V. Legal Advertising Committee Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesDefendant (Mountain States Union) for alleged breach of collective bargaining agreement and inadequate representation in grievance proceedings in breach of duty of fair representation. Issues 1. When did the six-month limitation period commence? 2. Did Lucas receive notice that the union abandoned the claim? Holding 1. The six-month limitation period for the hybrid duty of fair representation suits accrued when Lucas received the grievance status report stating that the union would take no furtherRead MoreThe Violation Of The First Amendment Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesISSUE: Does having members who opt out of a union continue to pay agency fees violate the First Amendment to the Constitution? Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association 136 S. Ct. 1083, 194 L. Ed. 2d 255 The issue at hand is whether or not it is a violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution to require non-union members to pay agency fees. Agency fees are used to pay for representing employees and negotiating contracts, in addition to lobbying activities to support collective bargainingRead MoreLabor Laws Unions737 Words   |  3 PagesLabor Laws and Unions HRM/531 Labor Laws and Unions Unions employ labor laws to protect their members from organizations that operate in violation of the National Labor Relations Board. It is imperative that organizations such as Lewis Lambert have a clear understanding of their union contract and the laws set forth by the NLRB. Lewis Lambert Lewis Lambert is Sheet Metal Contracting entity located in Fort Worth, Texas established in 1965 that pridesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Case Friedrichs V. California Teachers Association1537 Words   |  7 Pageswhich just recently began oral hearings the week of January 11th, â€Å"centers on the questions of whether union dues are inherently political—and if they are†¦ whether employees who are not union members can be compelled to pay them† (KQED News). Those in favor of the plaintiff, Rebecca Friedrichs, a teacher from Orange County, believe that employees who are not union members should not have to pay union dues because the CTA cannot require its nonmembers to pay for political causes, seeing as doing so compelsRead MoreUnionization Of Home Based Workers1469 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutional for the government to force unionization on home-based workers? ANSWER: Yes FACTS: On-union home-care personal assistants, who provided in-home care to disabled individuals through Medicaid-waiver programs run by the Illinois Department of Human Services, brought action against Governor in his official capacity, and three unions, challenging mandatory fair share fees paid to union. ANALYSIS: What is a Home-Based Worker? The initial question one must ask himself or herself when lookingRead MoreMovements for Social Change in an Integrated Global Economy Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pages2010). The typical role of the labor union has been to help improve economic equality between workers and the companies that employ them; however, unions have also helped their members pursue political action and influence the electoral process to achieve their aims as well (Hodson Sullivan, 2008). Beyond unions, non-governmental organizations also pursue political action to address broad social issues like income inequality. Increasingly, both unions and NGOs are spanning national boundariesRead MoreEmployee Safety And Morale Are Important1363 Words   |  6 Pagesmorale are important. When employment began, people worked hard and it was all about production and demand. It appeared that ‘nobody’ cared about the average worker. The workweek was fifty-six hours, without the mention of breaks. Eventually, unions were formed by the employees’, which helped with some changes. The New Deal by President Hoover began the governmental changes for the employees. In today’s world, Human resource managers are becoming more aware of the many facets of their jobsRead MoreThe Court Cases Throughout History4226 Words   |  17 Pagesjurisdiction over the controversy, and also states the plaintiff’s claim. The Supreme Court case I chose was Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, also shortened as SAG. The National Labor Relations Act allows a union to require a full membership as a condition of employment. It doesn’t require a union to specify the collective bargaining agreement that is in the basis of a contract. According to Turner (2001), Section 7 of the Nationals Labor Relations Act (â€Å"NRLA or â€Å"ACT†) shows that employees have theRead MoreFree and Fair Election1504 Words   |  7 PagesFree and Fair Election The electoral system have to be fair and just and to ensure this, free and fair election will be held when the Parliament is dissolved or finish it’s sitting duration of 5 years. A free and fair election must be in orderly manner and it must not have Coup d’à ©tat. Coup d’à ©tat is meant by a sudden decisive exercise of force in politics . It is an alteration of an existing government by a small group that tend to create riots and chaos. The current Malaysia government believe

Are A Racist Human Being - 1454 Words

Hello to you all, before you start reading this very controversial topic, I would like to inform that whether you are a racist human being, or you have any type of discrimination against someone by a physical feature, preference to religion, or preference to a certain sex; that is your opinion. It is an opinion. And I believe everyone should feel free to have an opinion and voice it freely, even if not everyone agrees with it. I don t know if you will agree with what I have to say or not, but these are facts thrown in with my personal opinion. There is no wrong or right because opinions on controversial topics such as racism are not facts, and that’s a fact. That is specifically why they are opinions. And there is also such thing as a†¦show more content†¦African American s were finally given the right to vote and this was a huge movement towards changing racism for America. Of course, like all controversial movements, a lot of people did not agree with this at all, m ore so in the south. But that’s something you learn in junior high social studies. Anyhow, the 1960’s is where this book took place. The main character, Lily was 14 and basically raised by her maid, a black woman by the name of Rosaleen. Lily knew and personally understood the unnecessary discrimination that black people received. Her (verbally and physically) abusive father gave her multiple lessons on that. Negative times having to deal with her father and racism caused Lily to run away with Rosaleen, they ended up in a house with three black sisters. Now I won t give away too much about the book because I don t plan on ruining it for you, (I personally understand the hatred given towards spoilers and I refuse to take any part of that system unless it’s unleashing my wrath on them) but Lily didn t see color. She saw people, she saw equality. Racism was (is) a lifestyle that she didn t care for, however, many people did. And those racist people were bothered by that, a little white girl living in a house with four grown black women was wrong or disgusting I still don’t see how it was any of their personal business or how it affected them in any personal way for

The Impact of Globalization on the Economy Free Essays

The impact of globalization on the economy Globalization is one of the main features of modern society. Today it covers almost all spheres of human activity, and its influence becomes more and more obvious. To talk about the effects of globalization, it is necessary to understand its nature and the factors, sources, which led to its emergence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Globalization on the Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today majority of scientists agree that economic globalization â€Å"is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital†. There are several sources of globalization. The first factor is technological advances. E-mail, the Internet, and the World Wide Web have significantly lowered the costs of transportation and communication in international trade and in doing business by and large. Next reason of globalization is trade liberalization that has led to more liberal world trading system. And finally source of globalization is creating globalized media, the arts, and popular culture with the widespread use of the English language for global communication. Of course there is not a complete list of the factors of globalization, but in my opinion, those mentioned sources are the most important. Globalization has significant impacts on all economies of the world, with various effects. There are heated debates around positive and negative effects of globalization. Leading pro-globalization arguments make a strong case that globalization is simply the industrial revolution that rationalizes economic activity everywhere. For instance, it affects countries’ production of goods and services. It also affects investment, both in physical capital and in human capital. It also has major effects on efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. On the other hand, scientists consider about so-called paradox of globalization: in many cases, the gap between the rich and the poor is increasingly widening. An arrival of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction of unemployment and poverty; however it can also increase the wage gap between well-educated, skilled workers and those who are not. In the short term, some of the poor will become poorer. The arrival of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in many sectors. But those foreign companies arrive with the new technology, which extends across the country. Automation, especially in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors reduces the need for unskilled laborers. As a result, employment rate in these sectors falls. To sum up, globalization is a complex process that works in various ways and has different effects. In my opinion, some solutions are needed to reduce negative impacts of globalization and to find happy medium between developed and developing countries. How to cite The Impact of Globalization on the Economy, Essay examples

Technology Good or Bad Essay Example For Students

Technology Good or Bad? Essay People very often debate whether technology is good or bad. Many people believe that technology can only cause harm to their lives and society, while many others strongly defend the technologies which have made their lives much more leisurely and enriching than it could have been several hundred years ago. In my opinion, both of these views are correct to an extent, but I also believe that what should be examined is not whether technology in its self is good or bad, but rather how we as humans use it. For decades now, television has been accused of contributing to the dissolution of the American family and the destruction of the minds of those who watch it. However, although the TV has been involved in this, the problem roots not with technology but rather the people who choose to let it run their lives. I believe this because it is parents, not TV sets, who choose to let their children sit in front of the television for hours upon hours, and it is the parents who do not intervene and replace TV time with quality family time. Technology has also been blamed for destroying the minds of adults who spend too much time watching it, but in fact, the blame should lie on what programs a person watches or the person who chooses to watch it continuously. Hence, the television is only a contributing factor in family problems and mind destruction. It is the bad judgment of the people who watch television or let their children watch it who should be blamed for these harms, not technology.Another topic that comes to mind when technology is discussed is the household appliances that have evolved in the last century. Refrigerators, gas and electric ovens, microwaves, vacuums, dishwashers. the list goes on and on. All these things have made housework tremendously easier than it would have been about 100 years ago. This results with both positive and negative effects. It has given us easier ways to get jobs done, leaving more time for other things, but the bad part of this is what is chosen to do in this extra time. In many cases, this extra time is spent doing leisurely things, which might make us more happy, but also has an effect on our health. Lately we have become aware of the dangers of heart disease and the health benefits of exercise. the exercise we would have gotten 100 years ago just from doing our daily chores but now arent getting enough of because we dont have to work as hard to do those same chores. This can be blamed on technology, but again, in fact it is our own fault because we chose to use the technology and spend the extra time lazing around.Now, something that really bothers me about technology is what is made out of it. I often question why people spend so much time and money trying to come up with so many useless things when we have global warming problems and starving children working in shoe factories. For example, scientists spent years to make a clone of a sheep. Now let me ask you, is their any practical use in knowing how to clone a sheep? Many people think that eventually this scientific advancement will lead into the cloning of humans, but again, what is the point? I feel strongly that nothing good can come from that. Instead, I think scientists should be using technology to come up with things that can greatly help the majority of the worlds population and make the world a better place.It seems technology has brought both useful and pointless things into our lives which has contributed to making them better as well as causing negative affects upon them. .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .postImageUrl , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:hover , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:visited , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:active { border:0!important; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:active , .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4 .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud32ed03149354ae52b93e1e946da16f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone--Who is the REAL tragic Hero? Essay As we live in this information age with new products and discoveries coming to us everyday, we must remember to use our best judgment to decide what technologies are good and which could be harmful. We must also remember that what ever technology does to our lives, technology in itself is not to blame, but rather how we used it.

Defining American Literature

Introduction American literature refers to the body of written or literary works shaped in the history of the United States and its former colonies (britannica.com). Tracing back America’s history, America was once under the rule of Britain as part of the latter’s colonies therefore its literary institution is associated to the expansive tradition of English literature. However, American literature is now considered a separate course and institution because of its one of a kind American characteristics and the production of its literature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defining American Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper aims to present an extended definition on the meaning of the term American Literature. The paper will discuss the background of American Literature and how it has came about, the writing style of American authors and what makes the American text different and u nique from other national literatures and lastly the paper will present arguments which explore the concept of American literature. Background Before Columbus and other European colonizers discovered the Americans, the native peoples of the continent have no written alphabet but they expressed their artistic talents and passed on knowledge of their traditions in the form of chants, songs and spoken narratives. Contrary to the popular Western understanding of literature that they must be principally a result of written words, scholars considered these verbal genres which include trickster tales, jokes, naming and grievance chants, and dream songs, among others as â€Å"literary† because they embody the creative and arousing retorts of the people to their Native culture (Baym, Franklin, Gura, Krupat and Levine). When the Americas was colonized by different empires namely the Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German and English kingdoms, the primary role of writing was to pres sure policy makers at these overseas colonies’ home base to rationalize actions taken without their precise consent, or bearing witness to the straight and unintentional cost of European invasion of the Americas. Writing also documented the dreadful effects of European colonization of the Americas where the unintentional contamination of Old World diseases such as small pox, measles and the like to the Natives and the enslavement of the latter for plantation labour gave strong reactions toward from the public. Also during the early occupation of the Americas, writing gave opportunities to people who were not born to a life of privilege but were in favour of merit, talent and effort to reshape the possibilities of their life such as Diego del Castillo and John Smith. In the 15th century New England had a publishing edge over other colonies with Boston’s size in terms of population driven in producing Puritan literature together with the establishment of Harvard Universi ty in 1636 which operates with an independent college and printing press.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though with these efforts the initial state of the English language supremacy was barely evident, political events eventually changed the course and made English the main language for the colonies as well as the choice in writing literature. From 1696 to 1700 the state of American literature consisted only of about 250 published works. These works were mostly about religious, security and cultural concerns of colonial life (Baym, Franklin, Gura, Krupat and Levine). Style The war of 1812 which was a quarrel between the Unites States of America and the British empire because of trade restrictions (Hickey 56-58), forced recruitment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support to American Indian tribes against American expansion (Hickey 101-104) and upho ld national honour in the face of British insults (Risjord 196-210), paved way to the American’s growing aspiration to create a unique American literature and culture separate from that of the English. The pioneers wrote humorous works about the American frontiers while some wrote romantic and nature inspired poetry which developed away from the early English origins. Short stories which investigate earlier concealed levels of human psychology and move forward the limits of fiction towards mystery and fantasy were written. The movement of transcendentalism which was a protest to produce a state of culture and society was formed in response to the growing desire of American literary uniqueness. Through this formation radical writings towards individualism in the American character emerged. Native American autobiographies were also developed and minority authors begun to publish fictions. Allegories and dark psychology became the focus of literary romances sated with philosophi cal assumptions. Dark Romanticism became popular in American writings presenting the characters as prone to sin and self destruction. â€Å"the Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized  evil  in the form of satan,  devils,  ghosts,  werewolves, vampires, and  ghouls† (Thompson, 6). Argument American literature has been developed through the various influence of Native American’s traditions before writing was introduced coupled by the influences brought about by European conquerors. Initially American literature was composed of reports and documentations of complaints and status quo of the people in the New World. Writing and literature served as a means of influencing policy makers in developing the civilization, exploring the natural resources and understanding the traditions and cultures of the Native Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defining American Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/ page Learn More Over time American literature evolved into various forms with fiction and non-fiction categories illustrating writers’ sentiments on matters concerning politics, economy, culture, social statuses using artistic imagery or factual resources. American literature further developed into its own form, growing away from its initial sphere of influence, English literature, during the 17th century creating a unique American characteristic and promoting individualism. It developed writers of different genres experimenting human emotions, philosophy and psychology. It also gave way to the dark romanticism subgenre which portrays human beings as individuals prone to sin and self destruction. American literature pushed the boundaries of human imagination and creativity with their constant experimentation of emotions and thoughts which can be attributed to the contemporary writers’ attitude of artistic expression and freedom. Conclusion Examining lite rary works from class in understanding the meaning of American literature through different literary works by early writers we can define American literature initially as a body of works chronicling the discovery and acquisition of the Native Americans in its early beginnings. In relation to the events taking place in the American society, literature in the continent slowly evolved with time influencing its writers and readers the socio-economic norms coupled with the author’s artistic expressions during that specific time of writing. American literature can be considered a mirror of America’s history, well being and characteristic. It is considered a part of the American culture for it details not only the history of the American people but also reflects the peoples’ creative thoughts and imaginations. American literature is the product of influences brought about by the colonizers from Europe and the subtle native traditions of the early settlers of the United States. It is also a powerful defining tool of American characteristics such as liberalism and individualism. Works Cited Baym, Nina, Franklin, Wayne, Gura, Philip, Krupat,Arnold and Levine, Robert. Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th ed. Boston: W.W. Norton Company, 2007. Print. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. American Literature. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hickey, Donald.  The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Print. Risjord, Norman. â€Å"1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation’s Honor.†Ã‚  William And Mary Quarterly18.2 (1961): 196-210. Print. Thompson, Gary., ed. Gothic Imagination: Essays in Dark Romanticism.  Washington: Washington State University Press, 1974. Print. This essay on Defining American Literature was written and submitted by user Josue Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Man with the Twisted Lip Essay Example

The Man with the Twisted Lip Essay Example The Man with the Twisted Lip Paper The Man with the Twisted Lip Paper This story is unusual, although not unique, for not containing any crime at all, although at first it seems to be dealing with a murder. When Mr. Neville St Clair disappears in a house full of opium dealers the police came to the conclusion that he had been murdered and blamed it on a hideous beggar named Hugh Boone who was immediately arrested. Sherlock Holmes then became involved and with a little bit of detecting came to the conclusion that the coat weighed down with coins were all part of a disguise and that the hideous beggar and the missing man were both one and the same person. The structure is a little unusual in this case which can be seen from the fact that the opening of the story starts in Watsons own house whereas normally it starts on Baker Street with people calling on Sherlock Holmes. At the beginning of the story a woman named Kate Whitney bursts into the house seemingly in hysterics and addresses Watson himself in an effort to get help. This is a small case which even Watson can solve by himself, after some detecting the womans husband is found in an opium den. The story is stronger in atmosphere in its opening sections which describe the sinister ambience of the opium den and the streets leading off it; Upper Swandan Lane is a vile alley between a slop shop and a gin shop approached by a steep flight of steps leading down to a black gap like the mouth of a cave I found the den of which I was in search. The simile comparing the entrance of the opium den to the mouth of a cave is especially eerie because it combines the idea of a mouth swallowing up a victim with the wildness and savagery of an animals lair. The evil looking disguise that Neville adopts is not his real appearance He turns out to be a sad, refined-looking man. However in a way it symbolises the ugly, immoral course he has chosen to earn his living, a course which is criminal and unethical. Once again Conan Doyle creates a stray interest in an odd character with a strange background, rather then the brilliant deduction which Holmes generally uses to solve a mystery. Typically a woman features in the story, a distressed Mrs Sinclair who appears in the story as the client and as usual Holmes solves the case for her. At the end of this story justice is not done due to none needing to be done because there is the absence of a crime. But even though there is no crime Neville St Clair has deceived his family and has become a dishonest beggar. Holmes insists that if the matter is to be hushed up Neville must abandon his dismal disguise and become a refined gentleman once more. Again we see Holmes acts as an agent of morality rather then an instrument of the law, and shows lenity when the man promises to repent. This brings out the kinder side of his nature which isnt so apparent in stories when the emphasis is on his brilliant deductive skills. At the same time the Victorian reader would be satisfied that justice is indeed brought out in the end.

Canadian Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Canadian Criminal Justice System - Essay Example This paper will analyze the judicial system of Canada and the application of criminal responsibilities for rape crimes, in this country. Canadian Criminal Justice System The legal system of Canadian is based on English Common Law (old), which were brought by explorers and colonists. The law of the immigrants prevailed over the rules of the Canadian settlers, and the law of the immigrants guided the conduct of people in Canada for a long time. The judicial system is crucial in a country; it facilitates the application of justice in the society, and it helps punish the law breakers. Most aspects of the Canadian criminal justice system are unique and different from other systems in the world. However, the Canadian system of criminal justice inclines towards utilizing the due process model. The suspects’ rights are respected and protected until their guilt is proven, without doubt. This is one of the most significant tenets; therefore, a person charged with offense (criminal) is o nly proved guilty by a jury. Otherwise, a suspect of a criminal offense is treated and believed to be guilty during the process of trial, in a law court. In the event that the police are convinced that their grounds are adequate to proceed with a criminal charge against an accused person, then the accused is apprehended to answer the charges before the court (Howe & Russell, 2001). Further, the accused person is entitled to an affordable bail. In the event that the issue reaches the stage of trial, the crown attorney who is prosecuting the accused person assumes the responsibility of proving that indeed the suspect committed the offense. For instance, if it is a murder charge, the crown attorney will call the people who witnessed the accused committing the crime, and in other forms of crimes like rape or robbery, the attorney will call the victims to testify against the suspect (Howe & Russell, 2001). Depending with the strength of evidence presented by the prosecutor, the suspect m ay call on his own witnesses who would bring reasonable doubt to the case. In such an event, the jury is left with the mandate to pass judgment, with regard to the available evidence and witnesses. At this stage, the case goes to sentencing stage where the judge passes the sentence, either acquitting the accused if there is no substantive evidence, or a jail term in proportion with the nature of the criminal offence (Ehrlich, 2001). This model utilizes the adversarial system where the judge acts as an independent arbiter, and he is the one who adjudicates between the prosecutor and his witnesses and the accused and his witnesses. Apparently, the paper has disrobed the judicial system that exists in Canada, and it will shift the focus on investigating the applicability and assignment of criminal responsibility to sexual offenders. Rape is described as the act of forcibly having sexual contact with a female partner, without her consent. Sexual offences are further incorporated with ha ving sexual contact with persons who are minors. Sexual contact with minors is another serious criminal offence, which can attract heavy fines and long jail sentences. The pursuits of these cases are based on the two popular models of justice, which are employed by the Canadian law enforcement agencies, as well as the judicial system (Ehrlich, 2001). The initial model that is employed in assigning criminal responsi

Partnership law (In Australia) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Partnership law (In Australia) - Assignment Example Question 1 In the case of The Money Doctors, the business is a partnership due to the fact that the three persons had come together with the intension of carrying out a business venture and make profit. Although they did not have a written agreement, this business relationship has everything that a business partnership has and it therefore makes them a partnership. The partnership is made of Adam, Moe, and Jeff because they were the proprietors of the business. Flo, Adam’s Wife, cannot be described as a partner in this endeavour because of two main factors. To begin with, the money that she contributed to the business was a loan which was supposed to be refunded to her in the course of doing business. Secondly, her second role in the business was as an employment receiving an annual salary. As a result, although she was related to the partners and contributed to the initial capital, she cannot be described as a partner in the relationship. As seen in the decisions made in Birt chnell v The Equity Trustees, Executors and Agency Company Limited [1929] 42 CLR 384 19291, the court decided that the actions which the partner carried out should have been in the interest of the partnership. In this case, the court predicated its decision on the fact that in a partnership, every action carried out by any of the partners must be seen as being carried out in the interest of the partnership. Therefore it found that when the accused failed to remit the profits which he had gained by acting in the capacity of a partner, he had failed to observe the law and betrayed the other partners. The profits made by the accused were therefore seen as supposed to have been shared with the rest of the partners due to the nature of the business association that existed between him and the partners. The same case appears in the Money Doctors case where the partners are acting in the interest of the partnership and the rest of the group. This therefore defines The Money Doctors as a pa rtnership. In Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd [1974], the court decided that the business venture constituted a partnership based on three major factors which the court looked upon. First, the court quoted the fact that the partners had come together with the aim of carrying out commercial ventures. Secondly the court quoted the Partnership Act of 1892 and pointed out that since the partners intended to share the profits equally as produced by the business venture, that this then constituted a business partnership. Thirdly, the court referred to the fact that the partners were concerned with the financial stability of each other. The fact that the parties involved met these three main factors which are used to describe a partnership led to the court deciding that the relationship was a partnership. These three factors are also eminent in the case of The Money Doctors and therefore the Money Doctors can be seen as a partnership. In Ka ng-Kem v Paine (2004)2, the court used the same rules to determine the existence of partnership between the two persons before the court. The court used the definition of a partnership as provided in the 1892 partnership act. It also used some parameters to determine the existence of the partnership. Among the factors considered included the joint tenancy, the sharing of gross returns and the sharing of the profits by the

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND PROPERTY Case Study

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND PROPERTY - Case Study Example The cause of action arises from the nuisance can be put forward before the Court. Section 106(b) of Rent Act 1977 says that or that the lessee or any person residing has been guilty of conduct which is a nuisance or annoyance to adjoining occupiers. The law allows the tenant to use the property for what ever purpose they choose, unless the tenancy agreement states otherwise. It's therefore wise to restrict the property's use to that of a single private dwelling. Also impose an obligation on the tenant not to: cause nuisance or annoyance to neighboring occupiers. The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding area is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is obvious that the using the path through the cottage 1 by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimant's use or enjoyment of land. ... Now we shall look into the given case and shall decide how these three tenants liable to each other. Cost cottage 1 The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding area is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is obvious that the using the path through the cottage 1 by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimant's use or enjoyment of land. This aspect is well explained in the case of British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd (3). Cost cottage 2 The same aspect which is mentioned in cottage 1 can be applied here. If the tenants of cottage 1 and cottage 3 faces the problem of wandering the chickens of tenant 2 and it causes nuisance to these tenants ,their complaint should be considered. Cost Cottage 3 The general principle in the common law that anyone can build or use whatever he likes upon his land. If the effect is to interfere with the light, air or view of his neighbor, that is his misfortune. The owner's right to build can be restrained only by covenant or the acquisition of an easement of light or air for the benefit of windows or apertures on adjoining land. This point is explained in the case Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd. Here in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd [1969] 2 All ER 1253 3 this case the tenant of cottage 3 has the right to buy anything

Paramount Furniture Marketing Opportunities

Paramount Furniture Marketing Opportunities Davinder Kumar Task 1 My company name is paramount furniture which is in New Zealand. we made lots of products like sofa, corner suites, beds, chairs and sofa bed etc. we are also selling a coffee table and dining tables. Recently we start making a love suites and New Zealand people very like them. Now we think about export the love suites in international market like Dubai, Germany. If we export our products to Dubai and Germany we can get lots of money and in this way, our business become growing. We made love suites with New Zealand pine wood, good quality of foam and fiber. Â   Â   love suite Task 2 Environmental factor: Political factor Political stability If the political factor is not stable due to any reason so it will bad effect on our exporting products because people will not buy our products due to any strike and war. In Germany, the political factors are not stabile some so they effect on our production, but in Dubai the politically stability so they continuous buy love suites from our company Corruption risk Dubai is count in a low-crime and politically-stable country. Also, the UAE appreciates with financial and economic stability. So, paramount furniture can easily be dealing with Dubai. It is well-developed, cultured banking system features wide credit services. On the other hand, there are many corruption risk in Germany like make fake documents and illegal offers. But these kind of corruption is not effect on international marketing. Legal and regulatory requirements In Dubai and Germany, all people follows the government rules and regulations. So, we can export our love suites easily and legally in the Dubai and Germany. Because if people doing work with all rules and regulations so the countrys government also helps him. Trade structure Germany is the 3rd largest country which export lots of products from another countries and Dubai is the 2nd largest country in the world. So, paramount furniture dealing easily with these countries. Because these countries mostly export lots of products from other countries. Economic factor GDP per capita Gross domestics products has four main factors like government expenditure, investment in business, export import, personal feeding. The GDP in Dubai and Germany are very good for exporting any product. So, we can export our product easily with these countries. The rate of exchanging the currency are inspiration the distribute and import in country. Income distribution The income distribution has put bad effect on international marketing in (Dubai and Germany). Because every people is not rich in these countries, the poor people buy cheaper products from their countries. So, it will put bad effect on paramounts products. Foreign exchange Every country dealing with US dollar in international market, Dubai and Germany also dealing with US dollar in international market. If the dollar price change It will also effect on the export and import business. If the dollar price increase it will good for paramount furnitures product which they are export to the Dubai and Germany otherwise it will bid for paramount furniture. Economic cycle Business cycle is called economic cycle. Economic cycle has four phases in business successful, growing, slump and downturn. Sociocultural factor Linguistic fragmentation It is called difference in language. The linguistic fragmentation is also impact on international marketing. Because in every country people speak different languages like in Dubai mostly people speak Arabic and in Germany people German so many people dont understand English language. So, people which are lived in Dubai and Germany they didnt understand English. Thats why they impact on paramount furnitures product because if the paramount furniture export their products in these countries they will hire a translator. Culture factor- Sometime this factor also impact on international marketing. Because in every country there are different people and they believe in different culture. Some people respect to the all culture but some people dont like other culture. So, the culture factor impact on paramount furniture exporting business because in Dubai and Germany people are very serious about their culture and they are not want to dealing with other cultures people. Lifestyle patterns Lifestyle factor also impact on international marketing because in NZ mostly people like small sofa sets according their houses but in Dubai mostly people are very rich and they like big sofa sets but there are middle class people live in Germany so they like the sofa set according their lifestyle. Dominant values There are many different people live in different countries like in Dubai mostly people are rich as compared to Germany, sometime rich people dominant other people with their money power. so, dominant values impact on the international marketing. Technological factor Level of technological skills The technological skills also impact on international marketing because the technology is very important for business in these era, everyone depend on technology. Paramount furniture will easily deal with Dubai because they have very good technology but Germany has a low technology system. So, it will impact on marketing. Existing production technology This is very important technological factor and they impact international marketing because if paramount furniture wants to export their products to Dubai and Germany so, they should have a large production of those product. If the companys production rate high they can get more profit to supply their product in Dubai and Germany. Education level Education is must important in every field, if you have a good education you can do a good business easily. this factor also impact on business because if company have a good educational staff they can deal easily with other countries. Paramount furniture selected good qualified staff for dealing because in Dubai and Germany, the education system is very good. So, we are easily dealing with these two countries. Cost involved Money is very important in business field. So, the cost factor also impact on international marketing. For example, in these days technology change day by day and every company update their system with new technology but it is very expensive so the paramount furniture spent lot of money on updating their system. In this way companys get more profit because everyone use technology in business field. Task 3 Geographical factor Physical size of country This factor also impact on international marketing. For example, there are 4.4 million population in Dubai and 80.6 million population in Germany but the economics of Dubai is good as compare to same so paramount furniture will getting more profit from Dubai because Dubai economic is very rich so mostly they buy international product. Economic of Dubai Economic of Germany Topographical characteristics These characteristics are same as the physical size of countries factor but this factor focus about the area about countries. Dubai has a 4,114-km square and Germany have a 357,168-km square so the Dubai has a less area as compared to Germany. Climate conditions Climate condition also effects on the international marketing. Dubai has a hot desert climate condition. because the Dubai located in the northern desert belt and Germany has a very good weather conditions because it is a temperate country with warm summers and cold winter. Mostly people buy new things in good warm climate so the climate condition of Dubai and Germany are not impact on paramount furnitures products. Demographic characteristics: Size of population- This demographic characteristic also impact on international marketing because if any country has a big population so in these countries there are more products demands than others countries. In Dubai, there are 4.4 million people live there and 80.6 million population in Germany. So according paramount furniture they should supply more cheaper products to Germany as compare to Dubai because the economy of Germany is not very good but population of Germany is more than Dubai. Rate of population growth- The rate of population growth is also impact on international marketing because every product demands according the population growth. If the population rate is high in any country so the products demands is more. In the Dubai, there are 10% population increase in every year but there are only 0.2% population increase in Germany every year. So, paramount furniture will be getting more profit from Dubai in future according the rate of population. Age structure- This factor impact on the import and export business because the young generation (20 to 30) and middle age (30 to 60) people buy more products than other people. Paramount furniture done some survey about the ages of people in Dubai and Germany and according the survey mostly 20 6 0 years old people live in these two countries. So, paramount furniture can be dealing easily with these countries and people will loves the paramount furnitures product. Distribution- The distribution is very important factor in international marketing. Every people wants products as soon as possible when they ordered. So, paramount furniture should have good distribution system for dealing with Dubai and Germany. For example: if customers not receive their product on the time so they will never advertise your products and they refer to their relatives to use other companys products. It will be bad for companys productions and sales. So, paramount furniture should have a good distribution system. Income- Income is also most important demographic factor in the import and export business. If peoples have a good income so they buy new products but many people are not very rich in this world. In the Dubai, mostly people are rich and economy of Dubai is also very rich on the other hand Germany economy is not rich and mostly poor people live in Germany. Paramount furniture will get more profile for dealing with Dubai as compared to Germany. Task 4 4.1 International trade agreement relevant to New Zealand (Dubai and Germany) New Zealand trading many things into the international marketing. New Zealand export lots of products to Dubai and Germany like furniture, kiwi, wood, milk, beef etc. The Dubai is the 2nd largest partner with Asia union. Many New Zealand companies export furniture to Dubai and the Dubai is the one of the country which helps the New Zealand economy growth. There are 178,835 approximately products New Zealand export to the Dubai and they earn 40 million NZD in year 2015. On the other hand, dealing with Germany the total product export by New Zealand to Germany was 78,567 in year 2015. There is open door trading agreement between these countries. The agreement of these countries shows the high charges of eliminate and submission cost is decrease for commodities exporter. This agreement creates lots of opportunities for jobs. 4.2 International market potential of a New Zealand product or service. The market potential is the full or maximum overall sales revenue of the traders during the one time. The market potential show the specific market capacity for providing the many opportunities for the staff. The export between New Zealand and Dubai is running very good because New Zealand earn lots of profit from Dubai. It will be very good in the future. But in the Germany the trading system is not good between New Zealand because Germany economy is not good. The saving income of the Germany and Dubai are the favor of importing products. Many money will come in our company from the FOREX this is the biggest factor of exporting the goods. Conclusion According to me paramount furniture will earn more profit in future from Dubai because of its population and rich economy. They do follow the all rule and regulation before the dealing with Dubai and Germany. Paramount furniture helps the New Zealand economy with US dollar. Recommendation Paramount furniture should be read all trade agreement before dealing with other companies. Paramount furniture should be dealing with US dollar to other countries before transaction. They should be check all documents and paper work before dealing. They should export the cheaper products to Germany. References www.paramountfurniture.co.nz http://www.dubai.ae/en/aboutdubai/Pages/DubaiEconomy.aspx

From Playwright to Production: the Process of Recreating Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare Essays

From Playwright to Production: the Process of Recreating Shakespeare Works Cited Missing A full understanding of Shakespeare's plays is arrived at through the process of imaginatively recreating them. Reading a play, or watching a production, or being involved in a production, or reading what someone else has to say is not enough fully grasp any given play. All of these things must be done to achieve a deeper comprehension. On the following pages I will try to organize my ten week Shakespearean experience by drawing parallels between my own experience and the experience of the rude mechanicals and royal audience of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Origin of a Shakespearean Production: The Bard Himself Any representation of a Shakespearean work must necessarily begin with Shakespeare himself. He is the creator and the genius behind the dramatic works that hold a revered place in our literary and theatrical culture. Part of what makes Shakespeare great is his consciousness of the enduring role of the poet and a playwright. As a result, he wrote not only for his own age but, in Ben Jonson's words, 'for all time.'; Shakespeare focuses not on what was popular and relevant in his contemporary world, but on the themes that would be enduring beyond his death. Shakespeare's musings on the function of the poet and playwright are included as themes of many of his plays. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Theseus speaks for Shakespeare at the beginning of Act Five: the poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. (Act V.i.12-17) The poet is a visionary and his main tool is his imagination. Through his imagination he looks at heaven and earth and sees what the average person does not. The imagination gives 'bodies'; to and brings forth what cannot be seen by the naked eye. The poet is given insight into a world beyond what is seen every day of the surface of the world. He is like Bottom, who when awakening after his adventures with Titania says: I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was....The e ye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath not seen, man's hand is not able to taste, his tongue to conceive, nor his heart to report, what my dream was.

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Funding Jill Moran’s Retirement Annuity Sunrise Industries wishes to accumulate funds to provide a retirement annuity for its vice president of research, Jill Moran. Ms Moran, by contract, will retire at the end of exactly 12 years. Upon retirement, she is entitled to receive an annual end- of-year payment of $42,000 for exactly 20 years. If she dies prior to the end of the 20-year period, the annual payments will pass to her heirs.During the 12-year â€Å"accumulation period,† Sunrise wishes to fund the annuity by making equal, annual, end of the year deposits into an account earning 9% interest. Once the 20-year â€Å"distribution period† begins, Sunrise plans to move the accumulated monies into an account earning a guaranteed 12% per year, At the end of the distribution period, the account balance will equal zero. Note that the first deposit will be made at the end of year 1 and that the first distribution payment will be received at the end of year 13. Please answer the questions listed below. . Draw a time line depicting all of the cash flows associated with Sunrise’s view of the retirement annuity. 2. How large a sum must Sunrise accumulate b the end of year 12 to provide the 20-year, $42,000 annuity? 3. How large must Sunrise’s equal;, annual, end-of-year deposits into the account be over the 12-year accumulation period to fund fully Ms. Moran’s retirement? 4. How much would Sunrise have to deposit annually during the accumulation period if it could earn 10% rather than 9% during the accumulation period?

SWOT Analysis of Ryanair Essay Example

SWOT Analysis of Ryanair Essay Example SWOT Analysis of Ryanair Essay SWOT Analysis of Ryanair Essay It further evaluates alternative solutions and provides recommendation, which will help the firm to compete and dominate in the European airline Industry in terms of providing more standard services to its clients and can be the number one airline industry in the region. 1. INTRODUCTION Ryanair, set up in 1985 by the Ryan family with a share capital of just ? 1and 25 staffs has grown from a small airline flying a short hop from Waterford to London, into one of Europes largest carriers. It is Europe? s largest low-cost carrier and one of the world? largest and most successful airlines in terms of profits, number of flights and number of passengers flown. At present, Ryanair has 32 bases and 800+ low fare routes across 26 countries, connecting 146 destinations, employing a team of more than 6,000 people Michael O? Leary CEO of Ryanair was responsible for launching the first unique low fares, „no-frills? airlines in Europe. Michael O? Leary known for his aggressive management style, employed a flat management hierarchy and vigorously followed the low cost policy, on all fronts. Ryanair is also one of Europe? most controversial companies, praised and criticized in equal measure; praised for its commitment to low fares, radical management, and its willingness to challenge the „establishment? within the airline industry and criticized for its trade union policies, hidden taxes and fees, and limited customer services, and misleading advertising. Ryanair in order to make its stand in the competitive market they have to think of a business strategy to capture the targeted market through enhancing the company? s internal scarce re sources and capabilities. First part of the assignment states the critical analysis and evaluation of the key Issues in Ryanair focusing on Decision making, Planning, Organising and Controlling. Accordingly, problems challenges and opportunities have been identified through SWOT and PEST analysis. Alternative solutions have been evaluated in various forms one through the financial analysis of the company. The analysis and evaluations finally assist in prioritising recommendations for the future growth and welfare of the company. 2. Critical Analysis and evaluation of the Key Issues : Ryanair 2. Decision making The Ryanair culture gives us the indication that the company is solely depended on one person who is making the risky decision and putting everyone at stake. Ryanair CEO declared in 2003 that they shall swing from no frills airline to no fare airline but with the motive that the company introduced cost cutting and revenue generation modification to compensate the falls in the yields. The Ryanair? s CEO seems to be very dominating by making every decision of the company without involving the concerned departments. Ryanair has the concoction of Bounded rationality and intuition decision making, verdict were conceded in Ryanair mostly through intuition and overriding behavior of their CEO. According to (Robbins. S, Bergmen. R, Stagg. I, Coutler. M, 2006) â€Å"Intuition decision making is a subconscious process of making decisions on the basis of experience and accumulated judgment. † 2. 2 Planning Ryanair? s objective of â€Å" being the leading no frills airline in Europe† was achieved through a proper planning, concentrating on driving down costs to sustain low fares and remain profitable, even on low yields. Ryanair planned and implemented cost reduction strategies focusing on the following areas: Cost reduction Planning: 1. Fleet commonality 2. Contracting out services 3. Airport charges and route policy 4. Staff Cost and productivity 5. Marketing cost Other Planning Issues: In spite of the cost deduction planning, Ryanair also has designed other plans to maximize its profit and expand the market share of the company. On 1st February 2003, Ryanair announced that it was acquiring Buzz, the loss making budget subsidiary of KLM, based at Stansted. Ryanair purchased the loss making company Buzz, as it was a golden opportunity to pick up a ready- made bundle of take -off and landing slots at Stansted Airport, where there is intensifying competition for space. This would not only increase Ryanair? s share of slots in Stansted from 33 to 49. 5 per cent but also produce profit by the fiscal year end of March 2004. Ryanair also aimed to increase its sales through ancillary services in conjunction with its core airline business, because ancillary revenues would increasingly be used to subsidise falling airfares. The ancillary services -includes the availability of satellite television and internet services on flights, allowing passengers to watch their favorite television programmes. The company also undertook activities like sale of travel insurance, car rentals and many other advertisement activities. All in all, Ryanair had a good operational and long term planning. These plans were implemented carefully over the years to achieve its objective of â€Å" being the leading no frills airline in Europe† . The plans reduced the uncertainty of achieving the objective of the company, provided direction, minimized wastes and have set a standard for controlling. However, since the plan was designed by the top management of the company, it was very rigid and did not provide any space for the other stakeholders to provide intuition and creativity ideas for the business. 2. 3 Organising: According to Robbins et al. 2006, â€Å"Organisational structure is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped and coordinated. † Ryanair is observed to implement common traditional organizational designs. The organization is designed with low departments, as the aircraft handling, ticketing, baggage handling and other functions to third parties in all the airports other than Dublin airport, where it maintains its own staff and services are outsourced. The company organized this kind of a system, to limit the direct exposure to employee relations responsibilities and potential dispute. Ryanair has also organized to carry out the routine maintenance, repair services and checks on aircraft by their own engineering staff, while engine and heavy maintenance are contracted out to third parties. This organization was necessary for the company, since it was cheaper for the company to outsource to third parties rather than employing dedicated employees for the company. The control and authority of the organization is centralized in one person i. e. Michael O? Leary, the CEO of the company. The organizational structure have the advantages of wide span of control, fast and inexpensive to maintain, however as the organizational grows and expands its market, it is not appropriate and reliance on one person makes it very risky for the company. 2. Controlling Ryanair have outsourced the engine and heavy maintenance as a contract work, however the work is carried out under the supervision and planning of Ryanair engineering staff, enabling the company to retain control of quality and safety. This is a feed forward control as it prevents anticipated problems in the future (Robbins et. Al. 2006). Ryanair also have the control over the market of airlines business. Ryanair is the market leader and every airline follows the company in setting out their ticket prices, commission of the agents and other related costs. The company also have a good control over the financial position of the business, in the sense that the liquidity position, leverage, profitability ratios are maintained at a balance level. In a nut shell, the company has checked and balanced over all the activities in the company. It has a good control system implemented from the maintenance of aircraft machine to the lowest level of managing human resources. However, control measures should be implemented in attracting and retaining the existing market share of the company. 3. SWOT analysis STRENGTH Low cost airline Performance related pay structure Aggressive and innovative leadership (Michael O? Leary) Low maintenance cost Punctuality of flights Fleet commonality User friendly website for online booking Passenger charter Minimum baggage loss Major earnings from ancillary services WEAKNESS Growth addict Weak customer service Central decision making Poor affiliation with employees Falling profit yield Multiple fines by the authorities Only in EU market Earns publicity through negative press reporting. Old aircraft. Low employee morale. High turnarounds resulting in maximum Misleading information about ticket fares and aircraft utilization Reduced commission to travel agents Out sourcing Lowest labor cost due to non-unionized labor force Highest seat density destinations. OPPURTUNITY THREAT Expansion of the routes to other parts of the Competitors world Improve facilities in air From low fare airline to no fare airline Fly to central located airports Enhancing their ancillary services War, disease outbreaks Currency fluctuation Formation of union by pilots Hike in oil prices Slack customers due to poor customer service. Other modes of transportation . 1 STRENGTH Ryanair being known as the Europe? s first low cost, no frill airline is the company? s strongest positive feature. The low cost no frills policy resulted to the speedy increase of customers and development of their operation. The CEO of Ryanair, Michael O? Leary portrays a major strength to the company; his aggressive and innovative leadership proves to sta nd Ryanair at the position where it stands now. One of the largest factor acting as a positive force for Ryanair is the firm? s direction towards out sourcing certain service activities within the firm, such as maintenance and repair service. This pace might help the firm to focus on sustaining improvement with on-payroll staff and enhance customer service. Rynair? s performance related pay structure acts as a motivation for the staff and as a company it will stand out in terms of providing excellence in total organizational performance. The variety of ancillary services offered by Ryanair was the greatest source of revenue generator for the firm. According to the graph below it indicates that due to its low fare super brand passenger number grew every year, which made Mr. O? Leary conclude that† low fare always wins†. (Centre for Asian Pacific Aviation, 2009) (Ryanair passenger number growth and load factor growth: FY06 to FY09) 3. 2 WEAKNESS: Ryanair has transformed itself from an undersized industry into one of Europe? s biggest Airlines over times. However its obsessive focus on the growth and only growth has dented its public image. Its negative public image is contributed both by its aggressive CEO and unfriendly staffs. One major problem lies in the handling of customers or target market. It provides poor inflight services to the passengers further more it has misleading websites thus creating a negative impression to the airline brand. Customers are unhappy with Ryaniar because of it poor customer service the only source of attraction for them is the low fare. Old aircrafts are a major concern to think of, as it wasted lots of fuel and needed high maintenance cost especially when the currency fluctuation takes place. The firm faces a lot of unsolved issues due to lack of strategic decision making in several areas concerned with the welfare of the firm. The CEO of Ryanair Michael O? Leary is the central decision maker of the firm, this stands as a weakness as the firm has to rely fully on one person whether right or wrong. 3. 3 OPPORTUNITY: Every firm has its own set of strength and weaknesses, but to make good grasp of the bigger opportunities will further take part in the firm? s enrichment. Ryanair still has the opportunity of competing and dominating in the European airline Industry in terms of providing more standard services to its clients and can be the number one airline industry in the region. Customer ratio can increase if Ryanair can establish the latest trends in Airline management and marketing to meet the demands of their market. Additional initiatives can be taken to diversify its ancillary services which are a revenue resource and open new opportunities to make the business stronger to outstand all its rival competitors. Since Americans have allowed European Airlines to enter USA in the domestic market, as such Ryanair without doubt will be in the leading position as it will be the first carrier to fly low cost to the States. Expansion of operation to the non-EU market can stand as an excellent opportunity for the firm. 3. 4 THREAT Competition, market uncertainty and changing customer crave appears to be the largest threat in the emerging market scenario. Ryanair is continuously faced with inevitable threat of stiff competition and for it to survive in the global competition it has to develop new products with better standard than its competitors. Expansion of operation to other areas like the non-EU markets means that the firm has to adjust to the political issues and trade policies of that region. The demands of the customers are highlighted to be a challenge to the management, consumer behavior and satisfaction with regard to the product and services is also a risk. If the firm continued concentrating on money making and paid no heed to customer satisfaction, the company may fail in terms of management ability. Advancement in the technology world can tend to be a threat in the airline business, hence the company should be able to provide more distinct and advanced technological services to be able to build a place in the competitive airline industry. 4. PEST Analysis POLITICAL Accusation of Misleading advertisement Taxation rules Route charges increased by govt. Union policy EU expansion EU abolishment of Duty free sales ECONOMIC The fuel price fluctuation Currency fluctuation Increase growth rate in GDP Compensation to travelers SOCIAL Terrorism, war outbreak Flight hijack Public image of airline Customer demographic TECHNOLOGY New Boeing flights Proper website Different modes of travel The four factors (Political, Economic, Social and Technology) that play a major role in the future of the airline industry have been focused as above. These external forces have direct impact on the strategic direction at Ryanair. As Ryanair is being operated only within the EU market it can be a relative advantage to the company regarding the external Political environment as this locality maintains political stability. The only concerns on the political environment are the changing taxation rules, union policy and route charges imposed by the government. Nevertheless, on the outside of the European place of the market, the society supports economic significant difficulties put by the political forces as OPEC, the organization responsible for the petroleum production in Middle East. As majority of international revenues in the regions of Middle East comes from oil and from petroleum production / distribution, Ryanair and other business entities have no escape from it. The situation becomes worse when exchange rate fluctuation takes place. (strategic case analysis, 2005) The social environment which is completely uncontrollable can be classified as the changing consumer preferences and demographics. The consumer behavior are the most unpredictable behavior in the business scenario as their preference tend to differ from one product to another due to price differences or even lack of basic consumer reliability. From the financial statements of the company, it is observed that the company is doing well in updating the technologies over the time. It is observed that, the company can afford to purchase new jets to remain competitive in the market. Supply chain software programmes, online ticketing service for customers and other technologies were used by the company for improving the efficiencies and cutting down the cost of the services. The technological environment does not have much of an impact on the organization as of now. (Higgins. E, Ryanair, 2005) To sum up, the external environment of the business is stable compared with many other businesses that are taking place globally. The political, economic, social and technology factors are steady and easing the business to expand, however if these conditions changes in the future, there might be a huge impact on the profitability and market expansion of the business. (Strategic case analysis, 2005) 5. Financial Analysis Objective Discription Formula 2003 (E 000) 2. 9532 2. 8928 50% Liquidity test Current ratio Acid ratio Current assets/ current liabilities Current assets-inventories/current liabilities Total debt/total assets Leverage test Debt to asset Operations test Inventory turnover Total asset turnover Profitabililty Sales/Inventory Sales/total assets 4% 0% 28% 0% Profit margin on sales Net profit after taxes/Total sales Return on investment Net profit after taxes/total assets The above table shows the ratio analysis of Ryanair from the income statement of the company for the year 2003 and the balance sheet as on 31st December 2003 of the said company. From the above table it is observed that, the company is liquid enough to pay its short term liabilities from its current assets. Ryanair has E 2. 95 of current assets for the payment of E 1 of its short term liabilities. The firm is very liquid and creditors of the company will be willing to give more flexible credit terms to the company. Ryanair has a balanced leverage. In other words the company made investment on the assets by 50% debt and 50% equity. The risk and returns of the company is also balanced. The profit margin on sales is 28%. The company has a good profit margin and an increase in sales with proportionate increase in expenses will help the company to grow and expand faster. The return on investment is almost nil. The company should put in effort to utilize their assets efficiently, so that the returns from the investment can increase over the period. Overall, Ryanair has a good liquidity and leverage ratio. The company should utilize these strengths for expansion and growth of the company. However, the operations and profitability ratio are not really leading the company in the right direction. The management should focus on improving the returns from the investment ratio. (Higgins et al, 2005) 6. Critically evaluate alternative solutions: From the above SWOT, PEST and Financial analysis on Ryanair, the following alternative solutions are obtained to overcome the threats and issues of the business in the near future. Market Expansion Ryanair should diversify their services to other parts of the world as these expansions will boost the sales of the company. Ryanair is one of the economical airlines around the world and it has ample of opportunities for business diversification in other markets. Expansion of operation to the non-EU market can stand as an excellent opportunity for the firm. Introduction of unique value added services Ryanair has the opportunity of competing and dominating the European airlines industry in terms of providing standard services to the client and can be the number one airlines company in the region. Ryanair should outsource in providing unique value added services to their clients which are not provided by the other airlines at a budgeted cost. For example, a shuttle bus service can be introduced to carry their passengers from the airport -city and from city – airport at a minimum cost. These kinds of services will help the company in increasing their sales with a minimum increase in cost. Marketing research on airport selection strategy As of now, Ryanair uses the strategy of choosing secondary and regional airport destination and avoiding the congested main airports mainly to cut the cost on airport charges and utilize the time efficiently. A good marketing research and an analysis should be made on comparing the costs and benefits of current strategy and using the main airports in the city. If the report of the research finds out that, it is more beneficial for the company to use the main airports rather than he current strategy, it is advisable for the company to change their strategy and run few experiments with the new one. Marketing and advertisement Ryanair advertises primarily on its website, in newspapers and on radio and television. More advertisements should be made off course within the budget focusing the target market of the company. Product packaging , which consists of air ticket, travel insurance, hotel reservation, car rental and other services, should be designed differently for different groups of customers. This will serve as a one stop shop, which will promote the business as well increase the profitability of the company. Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions is one of the important strategies with big companies. Ryanair should merge or acquire with other businesses in order to improve its capabilities and acquire more competitive advantages. Human resource management In a fast changing world, where technologies and other strategies can be copied, it is the human resource that can bring a competitive advantage. The company does not seem to value its employees and belief in the competitive advantage and importance of their people in the competitive world. Ryanair should initiate steps in improving and valuing their people and frame strategies for gaining competitive advantage over their competitors. 7. Recommendations: Based on the analytical issues it can be recommended that Ryanair can merge with other companies as it can be a brilliant strategy for the growth and success of the company. In case of Ryanair it? s been noticed that the company does not value its staffs. Since, the staffs of the company are considered as one source of sustainable competitive advantage, first and foremost the company needs to priorities its Human Resource Management. Ryanair need to be more goal oriented and must not stop to review and change their marketing plan strategies frequently in order to re-originate the performance process upon the upgrading of rules and regulations imposed by the state. Ryanair is to overcome the lack of product differentiation and enhance it that will have the ability to revive revenue generation. Ryanair has land marked in the area of punctuality however the perception of good customer service has always been poor and more hived up by press. With this in mind Ryanair, while maintaining its strict rules and regulations, must make an adjustment in this area. 8. References Annual Report. (2008). „Ryanair Annual Report and Financial Statements 2008?. Retrieved August 6, 2009, ryanair. com/ Air scope, May 2007, Bird? s eye view, retrieved on 2009, air-scope. com/ Box, Thomas M, Byus, Kent, Business Publications, 2007, Ryanair (2005) Successful Low Cost leadership viewed August 6 ,2009, http://ivythesis. typepad. com Dian Ratnasari, RyanAir case, read on August 6, 2009, http:// www. cribd. com/ Eleanor R. E O? Higgins, Case Study: Ryanair, 2004 Eleanor R. E O? Higgins, ECCH Collection, Case Study: Ryanair ; Low fare airline, 1999, viewed August 8, 2009 Eoin S. O? Cuilleanain, Gonzague della Falle, Felix Sobotka, Alexander Kleinert, Solvay Business School, April 2004, Ryanair Plc, viewed on August 6, 2009 Robbins. S, Bergman. R, Stagg. I, Coutler. M, ‘Management,? 4th Edition, 2006 Ryanair 2009, retrieved on Augus t 6, 2009, http:// www. scribd. com Strategic Case Analysis: Ryanair, 2005 retrieved on August 6, 2009

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors By Mark Nichol What guides and handbooks does a careful writer (or editor) rely on? I’ve consulted many resources, but the ones on this list have pride of place and show the most wear and tear. 1. The Associated Press Stylebook Associated Press style and Chicago style (see below) differ in some respects, but many of the listings in this alphabetically organized resource will set you straight about how to treat many common and proper nouns. 2. The Chicago Manual of Style This is the primary resource, after a house style guide, for many American publishing companies and other companies that produce publications, providing guidance about grammar and usage as well as topics like abbreviation, capitalization and other emphasis (such as italics or boldface), numbers, and punctuation. It’s only one of many, but it’s preeminent. 3. The Copyeditor’s Handbook This paperback guide, originally conceived as a companion to Chicago, is similar in organization but formatted more like a textbook (I’ve used it as such with great success), with exercises at the back of each chapter. It’s more accessible but not as comprehensive than the preceding book. 4. Garner’s Modern American Usage Language maven Bryan Garner’s authoritative, encyclopedic tome about proper use of words is the definitive specimen of this type. 5. Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary This is a handy resource for double-checking names of famous people or their life spans (and years in office or on a throne). The publisher’s general dictionary includes in its appendixes both biographical and geographical dictionaries, but the listings in the stand-alone publications are much more extensive. 6. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Actually, I generally use Merriam-Webster Online, but the print version is handy for finding all the words that start with a certain prefix, or coming up with an alliterative adjective. 7. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary Find out the current spellings of foreign cities and the official names of countries and their land area and population. The latter figure will be out of date, and you can find this information (and that available in the biographical dictionary) online, but you may prefer flipping pages to clicking through sites. This list is not a purchasing guide don’t blindly buy any of these books. Visit your local library and take a look at them, then decide which are good investments for your needs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterUsed To vs. Use ToPrepositions to Die With

Leadership Relations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership Relations - Coursework Example First, the leader has to involve the team members, Vanessa P. (2014). everyone within his/her team must feel significant and indispensable. When assigning duties, it should be done with consideration of the individuals interest, rather than imposing. When work is done willingly, the team members are able to face challenges leading to better performance. Second, the leader should encourage the team members to share information with other member of the team as well as the supervisors. Workers are more motivated when they work in groups and also monitor each other, Vanessa P. (2014). they should be allowed to make decisions individually. The leader should only step in cases that are really crucial. Third, the leader should organize forums where the team members meet regularly and discus issues affecting them, Vanessa P. (2014) .The meetings should not be made very formal, where the team members can have or bring a coffee, socialize and complement one another. In such meetings the leader should learn to identify someone who is not in a pleasant mood and take the initiative to assist. Forth, the leader should create ceremonies such as parties, and birthdays for the workers. These parties will go a long way in uniting the team members as well as bonding him to the team. During these parties the leader should identify those who have done well should be identified and praised for their good work as well as rewarded appropriately. During these events the leader should not bring about any work related things but rather let the members interact with one another and bond, Michael, G. (2000). He can also allow them to bring on bond the family members so as to create an environment of joy. Fifth, according to Michael, the leader should also make transparent decisions with no favours or bias, (2000). In times of enacting policies, carrying out appraisals, the leader should ensure that the decisions made are clearly understood and do not have any aspect of favours in

Unit 9 Project Social Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 9 Project Social Problems - Research Paper Example ‎ Causes of domestic violence may be many which include the high consumption of alcohol by the partner or some sort of mental illness. Since family violence is not limited to just physical or oral harassment, it may also consist acts such as unlawful imprisonment, stalking, endangerment etc. Family violence is illegal and can be claimed under the different acts imposed by laws. According to the government, family violence is applicable despite the race, religion, culture or sexual differences. It simply defines the acts under which one partner holds power and control over the other forcefully. There are many types of family violence and the ones that exceed a certain limit may go to the court under special orders (Wilson, 2005). The family violence is a social problem that may directly relate to two members of the family, one who is performing the violence and the other who is undergoing the violence. There may be more than two members of the family who are undergoing the violence, but generally there may be only two. Most of the cases show that family violence is done by the husband onto the wife, and sometimes the children. Women have long been the victims of family violence. However, there may also be violence against men yet rare. The perspective of the partner perpetrating the violent acts may be many, but may not be justified. There are many theories that explain the cause of family violence. Some of the general characteristics of the perpetrator that are recorded may be the psychological theories, the mental or the social theories. These theories may include the theories in a wide range like the external factors influencing the perpetrator as well. Psychological reasons explain the person’s state of mind or behaviors such as sudden burst of anger, poor self-esteem and many other factors. Jealousy also causes anger and uncontrollable urge of taking violent actions. Jealousy often develops

Conflict Management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conflict Management - Scholarship Essay Example This paper illustrates that leadership and teamwork have a symbiotic relationship that cannot be overemphasized. Exemplary leadership often promotes teamwork and reduces conflicts within organizations. Conflicts are common at all group levels, be it at workplaces or in learning institutions, because of communication breakdowns. The situation is even severe at present because everybody is aware of his or her rights. The conflict has both positive and negative effects on a team, depending on the way managers and team leaders propose resolution measures. Constructive-cooperative conflict management fosters innovation in work teams. According to Desivilya, Somech, and Lidgoster, intragroup conflict radiates from interpersonal pressures among team members because of real or superficial differences. The quality of internal relationships determines the effectiveness of work teams and the leadership approach taken to handle relationship conflicts (emotionally driven conflicts) and task confl icts. The researchers propose the Dual Concern Model, which highlights the concern for self and concern for the other party as concerns interpersonal conflict-management. In this case, a participative leadership approach encourages cooperation and collaboration, in which team members share a mutual concern for each other. Team effort determines the achievement of tactical objectives and strategic goals of the organization. Victor Sohmen’s study proposes the best practices that would balance leadership and teamwork and result in successful outcomes in the contemporary competitive environment. Organizational leadership is essential to exercise interpersonal influence across a team. This is only possible if such leaders embrace a Five-Dimensional Leadership Competency Model, which encompasses transformational, transactional, organic, contemporary, and ethical dimensions. A leader must learn when to use either of the dimensions and when to combine the dimensions as the situation demands. At times, an accommodative leadership approach, in which a leader surrenders the leadership position to settle a conflict is essential.

The Implementation Imperatives and Critical Success Factors of Enterprise Systems Essay Example for Free

The Implementation Imperatives and Critical Success Factors of Enterprise Systems Essay Ever since the appearance of enterprise systems (ESs) for businesses in the 1990s, the research of this promising, highly-integrating software package for business solutions has never stopped. The first objective of implementation of ESs are focused on large organizations, e. g. companies of Fortune 500, as small and medium enterprises (SME) are considered to inappropriate for lack of resources to introduce the systems. Yet with the saturation in the market almost every one of those large enterprises was equipped with ES, the target began to change to SME, as a result the corresponding research started to develop. The design of ES is aimed to upport, manage and integrate all the resources, activities, and information flows of organizations. By eliminating redundancy and constructing uniformity across all the functional areas, ES gives organizations a vision of improving efficiency and reducing costs simultaneously. The definition of an enterprise system by Piccoli is â€Å"a modular, integrated software application that spans (all) organizational functions and relies on one database at the core†. However, ES is a double-edged sword which all managers should carefully ponder before starting to utilize it. The covering scope of ES may cross a number of corporations or industries. The resulting costs and efforts for adjusting to the system before, during and after the implementation process are tremendous. Time devoted will last for years. Most importantly, the impact of the failure of ES to the company is disastrous. As Davenport (1998) illustrated, â€Å"the growing number of horror stories about failed or out-of-control projects should certainly give managers pause. † In fact, based on a survey conducted by a consulting organization of 236 companies in which 36 percent had or were in the process of implementing ES, 51 percent of those regarded ES implementation as unsuccessful. In other words, half of the companies failed in this decision. While the benefits of ES are praised by the service providers and those equipped and successful organizations, strategists should see through its glory and be aware of the underlying limitations and drawbacks. This paper gives a summary and synthesis of the present literature for implementation imperatives of enterprise systems; a discussion about critical success factors (CSF) is included. Through the present literature, a well-constructed overview for the implementation of enterprise systems will be introduced. Influence of Enterprise Systems With the advent of ESs, more and more companies began to invest their resources into the installation of ESs. However, before the determination of the investment, organizations should first notice the consequences of ES implementation, including its benefits and limitations. Benefits There have been a lot of research and literature discussing the benefits and their classification of enterprise systems (Piccoli, 2008; Leon, 2007; Shang and Seddon, 2002; Murphy and Simon, 2002; Remenyi et al. , 1993). Piccoli (2008) summarized four advantages of introducing enterprise systems, including efficiency, responsiveness, knowledge infusion and adaptability, wherein the efficiency refers to improved efficiency by saving direct and indirect cost; responsiveness is about improvement of an organization’s ability to respond to external requests; knowledge infusion refers to immediate access to state of the art and best practices in the industry which are embedded in the code of ESs; and adaptability refers to well-adjusted ability to design the best appropriate enterprise system according to different contexts of organizations. Leon (2007) stated that investment in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems can be classified into tangible and intangible benefits. The tangible ones include costs reduction of inventory and inventory carrying, manpower and material, improved sales and customer service, and efficient financial management. The intangible ones include several perspectives on reducing duplicated data entry in accounting-related systems, greater control over product and process design based on product structure database, establishment of realistic schedules accessible to and commonly shared by everyone to improve production and materials management, generating accurate manufacturing and delivery report to provide a strong cornerstone to customer service, and complementary and enhanced advantages on management information system function. Shang and Seddon (2002) listed five dimensions in an enterprise system benefits framework, which include operational, managerial, strategic, IT infrastructure, and organizational, and each of them includes several subdimensions. As to operational benefit, there are cost reduction, cycle time reduction, productivity improvement, and customer service improvement; as to managerial benefit, ES offers the benefits of better resource management, improved decision making and planning, and performance improvement; regarding strategic benefit, ES helps in business growth, business alliance, business innovation, cost leadership establishment, product differentiation, and external linkage establishment; with respect to IT infrastructure, the benefits include establishment of flexibility, IT cost reduction, and enhancement of IT infrastructure capability; and about organizational benefit, it is demonstrated in changing work patterns, facilitating organizational learning, empowerment, and common vision establishment. Murphy and Simon (2002) categorized the benefits into several frameworks through comparison: tangible vs. uantitative, temporal, external vs. internal, hierarchical, and based on organization factors and technology infrastructure standardization. In addition, by adopting Remenyi et al. ’s (1993) theory of intangibility and quantifiability into Shang and Seddon’s benefits framework of five dimensions, Murphy and Simon rated the degree of intangibility and quantifiablility for each subdimensions, and therefore provided an index of profitability to the organizations according to each subdimension. Limitations In contrast to the abovementioned, the implementation of enterprise systems may also bring inevitable risks and limitations to the organizations. Piccoli (2008) considered that the critical issues of enterprise systems are trade-off between standardization and flexibility, the limitations of best practice software, the potential for strategic clash, and the high costs and risks in the implementation process. The trade-off is whether the organization should accept the standard version of the ES by taking advantage of a faster implementation process, predictable cost, and easier transition from the original version to an updated one. With respect to the promising characteristic of best practice of ES, it is impossible to have a universal design for every organization, and the best practice in one company may become an impediment to another. For strategic clash, it is about securing a competitive advantage of the organization from the implementation of the enterprise system, which may not cover original strength of the organization, and result in a loss of superiority against competitors after the implementation. As to high costs and risks, obviously, the implementation of a large-scale system is costly and risky. It needs a lot of time and money to adopt, adapt and maintain, and a single error within the system may affect overall operation of the organization. Leon (2007) pointed three basic issues that will induce risks for the implementation of ERP systems, which are people, process and technology. The main people issues include change management, which is to properly manage transformation brought by the implementation; internal staff dequacy, which is to have employees within the company that have sufficient skills to construct the system to prevent additional cost of hiring consultants; project team, which is to find the best-fitted people in the team as well as to prevent assigning the one who is only available at that time; training, which is to ensure employees have sufficient training in order to take full advantage of the system and to prevent occurrence of error; employee re-location and re-training, which is to deal with the change of position or new skill required for employees from the ES implementation; staffing, which is to deal with the transition phase between leaving of trained employees and entering of new ones during the implementation process; top management support, which is to gain full and sufficient resources to sustain the implementation; consultants, wh ich are the ones who may bring potential failure for the company if they are not familiar with its culture and needs; discipline, which is to make sure all the people in the company from management to subordinates follow the plan; and resistance to change, which is to educate employees to adapt to the system and make them willing to use it. For process risks, the main concerns are program management, which is the lack of program management in traditional ERP since all organizations require up-to-date information integrity and availability at the right time and in the right way, even though some of this information is included in ERP scope, the rest about program management is not; business process engineering, which stands for tremendous change to almost every aspect of the organizations. If there is no appropriate and careful response to these changes, an organization will break down. Stage transition, it is the responsibility and roles transition from person to person; and benefit realization, which is failure to realize promised benefit after constructing ES if the operational phase is not planned properly. For technology risks, there is software functionality, which stands for proper selection of functionality and features of enterprise systems since equipment of unnecessary features could become an impediment and failure to the organization; technological obsolescence, which stands for selection of technology that will not easily become out-of-date; application portfolio management, which is to consider saving the rest and available resources in the organization for possible future projects; and enhancement/upgrade, which is to consider closing a vendors service or stopping support of upgrading the system before signing the contract. Markus and Tanis (2000) stated there are three major factors for not adopting enterprise system, or partial adoption or discontinuance of ES. The first one is lack of feature-function fit between firm’s demands and the packages available in the marketplace. According to the type of industry and in concern with size and scale of operations of organizations, there may not be suitable off-the-shelf software for them. The second one is a set of reasons including Company growth, strategic flexibility, and decentralized decision-making style. Those organizations which have their own unique growth rate and strategy may not be appropriate to incorporate normal enterprise systems. Additionally, the spirit of ES is to integrate the processes and centralize the decision-making of organizations, it will conflict with the style of decentralized decision-making and weaken the strength of these organizations. The third one is availability of alternatives for increasing the level of systems integration. For instance, data warehousing and re-architecting systems with middleware are alternatives for ES, both can reach an extent of integration without sacrificing as much limitations as ES has. In addition to the abovementioned factors, Markus and Tanis (2000) also pointed out other factors including cost, competitive advantage and resistance to change. From the above literature, we can find that each of them has its own emphasis on different perspectives. In terms of benefits, Piccoli (2008) listed four major advantages; he did not itemize all the related entries or functions. Instead, he stated four elementary and common results of implementing ES to synthesize all the details. Compared to Leon (2007) and Shang and Seddon (2002), although it looks shorted and simplified, Piccoli (2008) provided a clear overview for the readers to realize in first sight what effect ES will bring to the organization by four single-worded headings which are easily understandable for those who do not have professional knowledge in this field. Leon (2007) and Shang and Seddon (2002), on the other hand, provided a relatively precise classification of ES benefits. Leon (2007) categorized them based on tangibility and intangibility, that is, whether or not it is directly related to financial perspective. Nevertheless, he pointed out that intangible benefits can still be uantified in terms of cost savings. Generally, Leon (2007) stressed the perspective of cost. Shang and Seddon (2002) organized a sound framework which includes overall discussion of ES impact to the organizations from perspectives of human resources and elementary operational function to business strategy, infrastructure and vision. Even though classifications of the benefits in both of them may not be as readily interpretable as those in Piccoli (2008), they provided detailed, complete and in-depth analysis which may be useful as a reference for IT professionals. With regard to Murphy and Simon’s (2002) work, they combine two studies, Remenyi et al. s (1993) theory of intangibility and quantifiability and Shang and Seddon’s (2002) benefits framework, to create a further application for the management for evaluation and reference of profitability. In this respect, they came up with an evaluation chart for the management to examine through each subdimension and know which one plays an influential role in their organizational profitability based on marked scales of intangibility and quantifiability. In terms of limitations, Piccoli (2008) pointed out four basic points of implementing ES. He introduced a macroview impact to organization when running implementation, and a general consideration that the managers need to contemplate. Leon (2007), on the other hand, divided the risks induced by ES implementation into three categories and elaborated each of them in detail. Leon’s (2007) work analyzed the risks into three components that are an necessity to and composition of an organization. By emphasizing those risks, he gave a different point of view on where the limitations would happen. For example, in concerns of people risks, he mentioned that without top management support, the project cannot obtain sufficient resources to run ES implementation smoothly. It reversely pointed out that the implementation of the enterprise system is costly and risky. All the available resources have to be devoted accordingly. Markus and Tanis (2000), from another aspect, gave reasons for not, partial or stop adopting enterprise system. They especially indicated that even though organizations choose not to, or are unavailable to, incorporate ES, there are still some other options for them on the market by accepting certain defects and embracing benefits that traditional ES cannot have. Although each of them focused on a distinct aspect, there are still some consistencies among all the advantages and constraints of ES implementation. For example, it is good at cost savings, process integration and service improvement, yet with high risk and complexity in determination and selection, tremendous influence to organizations, and huge cost in implementation. These criteria show that the enterprise system is not an elixir to all the problems, one who does not examine its requirements carefully before deciding to take it will definitely undergo inevitable and unbearable loss and failure.